Conventions Used in This Book

The following typographical conventions are used in the text of this book:

Italic

Indicates emphasis, new terms, URLs, email addresses, filenames, paths, and Unix utilities.

Constant-width regular

Indicates commands, variables, attributes, functions, classes, namespaces, methods, modules, values, the contents of files, the output from commands, and code examples that break recommended practices.

Constant-width bold

Indicates commands and other text that should be typed literally by the user, and code examples that demonstrate recommended practices.

Constant-width italic

Indicates text that should be replaced with user-supplied values and comments within code examples.