Hack 11. Energize Your Console with Macro Music Magic

Redefine keys to issue commands at the command line.

You can exploit the power of the preceding keyboard customization technique to a much greater degree than just redefining the action of a key. You can actually define keys to send strings of characters, which, at the console, means issuing commands.

In this example, you're going to redefine keys to control your CD-ROM as a CD player. Even if you have a plain keyboard, you can simply use unusual key combinations such as Ctrl-Alt-Right Arrow to perform the kind of magic you're about to explore. If you can determine the keycodes generated by any special keys you have on your Internet or multimedia keyboard, you can use those keys instead.

2.3.1. Defining the Magic

First, you want to create a file called /etc/mykeys, or add to your existing /etc/mykeys file if you are combining this hack with [Hack #10] . You will place in /etc/mykeys string definitions that represent commands. The cdtool program is really handy for controlling a CD player at the command line without a bothersome user interface. You can use another tool if you prefer, but you'll have to substitute your tool's commands for the ones defined by cdtool.

Assume you are using cdtool to define commands to play a CD, stop playing it, advance to the next track, move to the previous track, etc. First, define labels for the command strings. Here is what you add to /etc/mykeys:

string F100 = "cdplay\n"
string F101 = "cdstop\n"
string F102 = "cdplay +\n"
string F103 = "cdplay -\n"
string F104 = "eject\n"

Notice that each command string includes a trailing \n. This is the equivalent of pressing the Enter key. If you don't add the \n at the end of each string, the computer "types" the command, but doesn't execute the command until someone presses Enter.

2.3.2. Normal Keyboards

If you have a normal keyboard with no added multimedia keys, decide on a set of keys you want to modify. In this example, you will assign the following keys these actions:

Keyboard command	Action taken
Ctrl-Alt-Insert	Play the CD.
Ctrl-Alt-Right	Play the next track.
Ctrl-Alt-Left	Play the previous track.
Ctrl-Alt-Down	Stop the CD.
Ctrl-Alt-Up	Eject the CD.

Because you want Ctrl-Alt-Insert to begin playing an audio CD in your CD drive, look for the definition for the Insert key in /etc/mykeys. That keycode is 110. Add a line below the keycode definition that makes the combination control+alt+keycode 110 execute the string represented by F100, which is cdplay\n.

Assume you want Ctrl-Right Arrow to play the next track on a CD. Find the definition in /etc/mykeys for the Right Arrow key, which is keycode 106. It already has one definition (increase to the next console). Add another definition below that so that Ctrl-Alt-Right plays the next track on a CD (string F102).

When you are finished assigning all the F100-F104 actions to the keys, the relevant section of your /etc/mykeys file should look like this:

keycode 103 = Up              
        alt     keycode 103 = KeyboardSignal
        control alt     keycode 103 = F104
keycode 104 = Prior           
        shift   keycode 104 = Scroll_Backward
keycode 105 = Left            
        alt     keycode 105 = Decr_Console      
        control alt     keycode 105 = F103      
keycode 106 = Right           
        alt     keycode 106 = Incr_Console      
        control alt     keycode 106 = F102      
keycode 107 = Select          
keycode 108 = Down            
        control alt     keycode 108 = F101      
keycode 109 = Next            
        shift   keycode 109 = Scroll_Forward    
keycode 110 = Insert                            
        control alt     keycode 110 = F100

2.3.3. Special Keyboards

I have a Logitech Elite keyboard. It has multimedia keys for starting and stopping a CD player, moving forward and backward through the CD tracks, and so on. If you have a similar keyboard you can find out what keycodes these keys generate by using the showkey command. Then, execute showkey, and then press the keys for which you want the keycodes. Here is a sample showkey session:

$ showkey
press any key (program terminates 10s after last keypress)...
keycode  28 release
keycode 165 press
keycode 165 release
keycode 163 press
keycode 163 release
keycode 164 press
keycode 164 release
keycode 166 press
keycode 166 release
keycode 171 press
keycode 171 release

When you execute the showkey command it tells you that you have 10 seconds in which to enter a keypress. If you don't send one within that time the program will terminate. Ignore the first keycode 28 release in this list, as it represents the fact that I released the Enter key after executing showkey.

Given the order in which I pressed my special keys and the output of showkeys, I was able to create the following table:

Special keyboard key	Keycode
Previous track	Keycode 165
Next track	Keycode 163
Play	Keycode 164
Stop	Keycode 166
Eject	Keycode 171

You should already have defined the strings for the special keys F100-F104, but I'll repeat them here so that you can see the associations more clearly. Assuming you have a Logitech Elite keyboard with the same keycodes, the following section is what you should add to or modify in your /etc/mykeys file:

string F100 = "cdplay\n"
string F101 = "cdstop\n"
string F102 = "cdplay +\n"
string F103 = "cdplay -\n"
string F104 = "eject\n"

keycode 163 = F102
keycode 164 = F100
keycode 165 = F103
keycode 166 = F101
keycode 167 =
keycode 168 =
keycode 169 =
keycode 170 =
keycode 171 = F104

The last thing you need to do is save your work, and then load the new key definitions with this command:

# sudo loadkeys /etc/mykeys

Now, even if you don't have a multimedia keyboard, you can use your keyboard at a virtual text console to play and manipulate audio CDs. If you want to have your computer automatically reload the new key definitions at startup, see the sidebar Keep Your Custom Keys Intact.

Keep Your Custom Keys Intact The only problem with defining a special /etc/mykeys file and loading it manually is that you will lose this customization the next time you boot your Linux system. You can find and replace the default configuration file for your system, but that's not a very good way to make these changes permanent. You'll probably overwrite the modified system key bindings with a new version the next time you upgrade the package that contains the configuration file. It is best to save your custom settings in a file somewhere, such as /etc/mykeys, and load them automatically within a startup script after all the necessary startup scripts have finished. Virtually every Linux distribution I've used gives you a method to add these sorts of extra commands. Here are some samples to show you where you would add the command to load the special key configurations. You might notice that you don't need to use sudo to redefine the Caps Lock key when you make the modification in this file. This file is automatically executed as root, so sudo is not necessary. You need to place the following code into each file. In most instances it needs to be placed at the end of the file, so it doesn't hurt to put it at the end for all files: loadkeys /etc/mykeys echo "keycode 58 = VoidSymbol" | loadkeys Here are the files you need to edit for various distributions: Fedora Core 3: /etc/rc.local Debian: /etc/rc.boot SUSE 9.1: /etc/init.d/boot.local Mandrake 10.1: /etc/rc.local Gentoo ~x86: /etc/conf.d/local.start

2.3.4. Undoing Your Custom Keys and Macros

If you want to set the behavior of your keyboard back to the defaults, all it takes is one simple command:

$ sudo loadkeys --default

XFree86 and Xorg tend to override settings you make for console use, so you don't usually have to undo them before you start up a graphical desktop.

On rare occasions, something you define with loadkeys can sneak into your graphical desktop keyboard definitions and cause unexpected behavior. If you run into that problem, set your keyboard configuration back to the defaults before starting your graphical desktop.