6.11 time -- Time access and conversions

This module provides various time-related functions. It is always available, but not all functions are available on all platforms. Most of the functions defined in this module call platform C library functions with the same name. It may sometimes be helpful to consult the platform documentation, because the semantics of these functions varies among platforms.

An explanation of some terminology and conventions is in order.

The module defines the following functions and data items:

accept2dyear
Boolean value indicating whether two-digit year values will be accepted. This is true by default, but will be set to false if the environment variable PYTHONY2K has been set to a non-empty string. It may also be modified at run time.

altzone
The offset of the local DST timezone, in seconds west of UTC, if one is defined. This is negative if the local DST timezone is east of UTC (as in Western Europe, including the UK). Only use this if daylight is nonzero.

asctime( [t])
Convert a tuple or struct_time representing a time as returned by gmtime() or localtime() to a 24-character string of the following form: 'Sun Jun 20 23:21:05 1993'. If t is not provided, the current time as returned by localtime() is used. Locale information is not used by asctime(). Note: Unlike the C function of the same name, there is no trailing newline. Changed in version 2.1: Allowed t to be omitted.

clock( )
On Unix, return the current processor time as a floating point number expressed in seconds. The precision, and in fact the very definition of the meaning of ``processor time'', depends on that of the C function of the same name, but in any case, this is the function to use for benchmarking Python or timing algorithms.

On Windows, this function returns wall-clock seconds elapsed since the first call to this function, as a floating point number, based on the Win32 function QueryPerformanceCounter(). The resolution is typically better than one microsecond.

ctime( [secs])
Convert a time expressed in seconds since the epoch to a string representing local time. If secs is not provided or None, the current time as returned by time() is used. ctime(secs) is equivalent to asctime(localtime(secs)). Locale information is not used by ctime(). Changed in version 2.1: Allowed secs to be omitted. Changed in version 2.4: If secs is None, the current time is used.

daylight
Nonzero if a DST timezone is defined.

gmtime( [secs])
Convert a time expressed in seconds since the epoch to a struct_time in UTC in which the dst flag is always zero. If secs is not provided or None, the current time as returned by time() is used. Fractions of a second are ignored. See above for a description of the struct_time object. See calendar.timegm() for the inverse of this function. Changed in version 2.1: Allowed secs to be omitted. Changed in version 2.4: If secs is None, the current time is used.

localtime( [secs])
Like gmtime() but converts to local time. If secs is not provided or None, the current time as returned by time() is used. The dst flag is set to 1 when DST applies to the given time. Changed in version 2.1: Allowed secs to be omitted. Changed in version 2.4: If secs is None, the current time is used.

mktime( t)
This is the inverse function of localtime(). Its argument is the struct_time or full 9-tuple (since the dst flag is needed; use -1 as the dst flag if it is unknown) which expresses the time in local time, not UTC. It returns a floating point number, for compatibility with time(). If the input value cannot be represented as a valid time, either OverflowError or ValueError will be raised (which depends on whether the invalid value is caught by Python or the underlying C libraries). The earliest date for which it can generate a time is platform-dependent.

sleep( secs)
Suspend execution for the given number of seconds. The argument may be a floating point number to indicate a more precise sleep time. The actual suspension time may be less than that requested because any caught signal will terminate the sleep() following execution of that signal's catching routine. Also, the suspension time may be longer than requested by an arbitrary amount because of the scheduling of other activity in the system.

strftime( format[, t])
Convert a tuple or struct_time representing a time as returned by gmtime() or localtime() to a string as specified by the format argument. If t is not provided, the current time as returned by localtime() is used. format must be a string. ValueError is raised if any field in t is outside of the allowed range. Changed in version 2.1: Allowed t to be omitted. Changed in version 2.4: ValueError raised if a field in t is out of range..

The following directives can be embedded in the format string. They are shown without the optional field width and precision specification, and are replaced by the indicated characters in the strftime() result:

Directive Meaning Notes
%a Locale's abbreviated weekday name.
%A Locale's full weekday name.
%b Locale's abbreviated month name.
%B Locale's full month name.
%c Locale's appropriate date and time representation.
%d Day of the month as a decimal number [01,31].
%H Hour (24-hour clock) as a decimal number [00,23].
%I Hour (12-hour clock) as a decimal number [01,12].
%j Day of the year as a decimal number [001,366].
%m Month as a decimal number [01,12].
%M Minute as a decimal number [00,59].
%p Locale's equivalent of either AM or PM. (1)
%S Second as a decimal number [00,61]. (2)
%U Week number of the year (Sunday as the first day of the week) as a decimal number [00,53]. All days in a new year preceding the first Sunday are considered to be in week 0. (3)
%w Weekday as a decimal number [0(Sunday),6].
%W Week number of the year (Monday as the first day of the week) as a decimal number [00,53]. All days in a new year preceding the first Monday are considered to be in week 0. (3)
%x Locale's appropriate date representation.
%X Locale's appropriate time representation.
%y Year without century as a decimal number [00,99].
%Y Year with century as a decimal number.
%Z Time zone name (no characters if no time zone exists).
%% A literal "%" character.

Notes:

(1)
When used with the strptime() function, the %p directive only affects the output hour field if the %I directive is used to parse the hour.
(2)
The range really is 0 to 61; this accounts for leap seconds and the (very rare) double leap seconds.
(3)
When used with the strptime() function, %U and %W are only used in calculations when the day of the week and the year are specified.

Here is an example, a format for dates compatible with that specified in the RFC 2822 Internet email standard. 6.1

>>> from time import gmtime, strftime
>>> strftime("%a, %d %b %Y %H:%M:%S +0000", gmtime())
'Thu, 28 Jun 2001 14:17:15 +0000'

Additional directives may be supported on certain platforms, but only the ones listed here have a meaning standardized by ANSI C.

On some platforms, an optional field width and precision specification can immediately follow the initial "%" of a directive in the following order; this is also not portable. The field width is normally 2 except for %j where it is 3.

strptime( string[, format])
Parse a string representing a time according to a format. The return value is a struct_time as returned by gmtime() or localtime(). The format parameter uses the same directives as those used by strftime(); it defaults to "%a %b %d %H:%M:%S %Y" which matches the formatting returned by ctime(). If string cannot be parsed according to format, ValueError is raised. If the string to be parsed has excess data after parsing, ValueError is raised. The default values used to fill in any missing data are (1900, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, -1) .

Support for the %Z directive is based on the values contained in tzname and whether daylight is true. Because of this, it is platform-specific except for recognizing UTC and GMT which are always known (and are considered to be non-daylight savings timezones).

struct_time
The type of the time value sequence returned by gmtime(), localtime(), and strptime(). New in version 2.2.

time( )
Return the time as a floating point number expressed in seconds since the epoch, in UTC. Note that even though the time is always returned as a floating point number, not all systems provide time with a better precision than 1 second. While this function normally returns non-decreasing values, it can return a lower value than a previous call if the system clock has been set back between the two calls.

timezone
The offset of the local (non-DST) timezone, in seconds west of UTC (negative in most of Western Europe, positive in the US, zero in the UK).

tzname
A tuple of two strings: the first is the name of the local non-DST timezone, the second is the name of the local DST timezone. If no DST timezone is defined, the second string should not be used.

tzset( )
Resets the time conversion rules used by the library routines. The environment variable TZ specifies how this is done. New in version 2.3.

Availability: Unix.

Note: Although in many cases, changing the TZ environment variable may affect the output of functions like localtime without calling tzset, this behavior should not be relied on.

The TZ environment variable should contain no whitespace.

The standard format of the TZ environment variable is: (whitespace added for clarity)

std offset [dst [offset] [,start[/time], end[/time]
]]

Where:

std and dst
Three or more alphanumerics giving the timezone abbreviations. These will be propogated into time.tzname

offset
The offset has the form: ± hh[:mm[:ss]]. This indicates the value added the local time to arrive at UTC. If preceded by a '-', the timezone is east of the Prime Meridian; otherwise, it is west. If no offset follows dst, summmer time is assumed to be one hour ahead of standard time.

start[/time],end[/time]
Indicates when to change to and back from DST. The format of the start and end dates are one of the following:

Jn
The Julian day n (1 <= n <= 365). Leap days are not counted, so in all years February 28 is day 59 and March 1 is day 60.

n
The zero-based Julian day (0 <= n <= 365). Leap days are counted, and it is possible to refer to February 29.

Mm.n.d
The d'th day (0 <= d <= 6) or week n of month m of the year (1 <= n <= 5, 1 <= m <= 12, where week 5 means "the last d day in month m" which may occur in either the fourth or the fifth week). Week 1 is the first week in which the d'th day occurs. Day zero is Sunday.

time has the same format as offset except that no leading sign ('-' or '+') is allowed. The default, if time is not given, is 02:00:00.

>>> os.environ['TZ'] = 'EST+05EDT,M4.1.0,M10.5.0'
>>> time.tzset()
>>> time.strftime('%X %x %Z')
'02:07:36 05/08/03 EDT'
>>> os.environ['TZ'] = 'AEST-10AEDT-11,M10.5.0,M3.5.0'
>>> time.tzset()
>>> time.strftime('%X %x %Z')
'16:08:12 05/08/03 AEST'

On many Unix systems (including *BSD, Linux, Solaris, and Darwin), it is more convenient to use the system's zoneinfo (tzfile(5)) database to specify the timezone rules. To do this, set the TZ environment variable to the path of the required timezone datafile, relative to the root of the systems 'zoneinfo' timezone database, usually located at /usr/share/zoneinfo. For example, 'US/Eastern', 'Australia/Melbourne', 'Egypt' or 'Europe/Amsterdam'.

>>> os.environ['TZ'] = 'US/Eastern'
>>> time.tzset()
>>> time.tzname
('EST', 'EDT')
>>> os.environ['TZ'] = 'Egypt'
>>> time.tzset()
>>> time.tzname
('EET', 'EEST')

See Also:

Module datetime:
More object-oriented interface to dates and times.
Module locale:
Internationalization services. The locale settings can affect the return values for some of the functions in the time module.
Module calendar:
General calendar-related functions. timegm() is the inverse of gmtime() from this module.


Footnotes

... standard.6.1
The use of %Z is now deprecated, but the %z escape that expands to the preferred hour/minute offset is not supported by all ANSI C libraries. Also, a strict reading of the original 1982 RFC 822 standard calls for a two-digit year (%y rather than %Y), but practice moved to 4-digit years long before the year 2000. The 4-digit year has been mandated by RFC 2822, which obsoletes RFC 822.
See About this document... for information on suggesting changes.